Category Archives: Old Testament

Sound a ram’s horn

The ram’s horn was important in the history of Israel. One of the words often for the horn is shophar.

  • A long blast on the ram’s horn was used to alert the Israelites when they could approach Mount Sinai (Exodus 19:13).
  • The ram’s horn was sounded at the beginning of important feast days (Leviticus 25:9).
  • After Israel marched around Jericho they would hear a long blast on the ram’s horn (Joshua 6:5). The word horn in this verse is qeren, but the word shophar is translated trumpet.

I have observed that shepherds are proud of the ram of the flock. This photo was made last week in northern Jordan not very far from Ramoth in Gilead and the border with Syria.

Wells of water

Without water it is impossible for men to survive. Many disputes throughout history have been about water and water rights. The importance of water during the time of the the biblical patriarchs is prominent in several Bible accounts.

  • Abraham made a covenant with Abimelech. He said, “I dug this well” (Genesis 21:30). This covenant was made at Beersheba (well of seven).
  • Isaac had to dig again the wells of water dug by Abraham because the Philistines had filled them with debris (Genesis 26:15-18).
  • The scene around the well where the servant of Abraham selected the bride for Isaac is especially impressive (Genesis 24).
  • The meeting of Jesus with the Samaritan woman at Jacob’s well (John 4).

The well was so important that the wise man used it as a euphemism to teach sexual purity.

Drink water from your own cistern And fresh water from your own well. (Proverbs 5:15)

At Petra in Jordan, men dressed in antique costumes demonstrate life among the Bedouin. Here we have a man at the well. This may seem ancient to younger people, but I drew water from a well when I was a youngster (and it was not in the patriarchal period!).

A Bedouin at Petra, Jordan, illustrates the importance of the well. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

Visting the land of Moab

Today we visited Heshbon, Tell Al, Dibon, and Macherus. Tell Al is thought to be the biblical site of Elealeh, a site always mentioned (Numbers 32:3). Macherus is the site of a fortress built by Herod the Great overlooking the Dead Sea on the east side. It is sort of a companion site to Masada on the western side of the sea. According to Josephus this is where John the Baptist was put to death by the order of Herod Antipas.

He sent and had John beheaded in the prison. (Matthew 14:10).

As a photo for today I want to share a picture I made at Heshbon in the ancient land of Moab. When we arrived the shepherd was beginning to lead his sheep out to pasture. Note the large number of lambs among the flock. Another interesting observation is that the shepherd is behind the flock. This is a something we see often in this part of the world.

The shepherd leads his flock out to green pastures. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

The LORD used this illustration many times to show His ooncern for His people. His appointed leaders were likened to shephers who would lead the flock. The text below speaks of the appointment of Joshua to take the place of Moses.

“May the LORD, the God of the spirits of all flesh, appoint a man over the congregation, who will go out and come in before them, and who will lead them out and bring them in, so that the congregation of the LORD will not be like sheep which have no shepherd.” (Numbers 27:16-17)

This will likely be the last post of the current trip until I am back in the comfort of my study. Prayers of the faithful are always appreciated.

Intermediate stop for Jacob and his family

Yesterday we were disappointed that we could not locate the road to the tell (Tell Dhahab west) that is thought (by some at least) to be the site of Penuel. Not wishing to be defeated, this morning I contacted the Department of Antiquities and inquired about how to reach the site from Deir Allah. I was given the mobile (cell in the USA) number for the Inspector for the area. When I called he said he would be delighted to assist.

When we arrived at Deir Allah (likely the site of biblical Succoth), we went to the Inspector’s office and visited a while. After tea, he went with us to the sites. Some of the road was very difficult, but we followed his pickup and made it in our rental car. This site is a few miles east of the Plains of the Jordan.

The site of Penuel with the Jabbok River below. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

The photo above shows Tell Dhahab (West) on the left. I put a white dot on the impressive tell. You can see the Jabbok River below on the right. It was in terrain like this where Jacob crossed the Jabbok after wrestling with an angel.

So Jacob named the place Peniel, for he said, “I have seen God face to face, yet my life has been preserved.” Now the sun rose upon him just as he crossed over Penuel, and he was limping on his thigh. (Genesis 32:30-31)

Jeroboam fortified Penuel at the beginning of his reign as king of the northern kingdom of Israel (shortly after 931 B.C.).

Then Jeroboam built Shechem in the hill country of Ephraim, and lived there. And he went out from there and built Penuel. (1 Kings 12:25).

For one who loves traveling in the land of the Bible as much as I do, this was an exciting day. Maybe even better than finding the Roman road north of Tarsus last summer. The bus could not have made it to this place.

A day in Perea (Jordan Valley)

Yesterday we spent a large part of the day in the Jordan Valley. This area was called Perea by the Romans. We typically divide the ministry of Jesus into the Early Judean, Galilean, Perean, and Later Judean. You probably will not find the word Perea in an English translation of the Bible. The Greek word peran is translated “beyond” in passages such as Matthew 19:1 and Mark 10:1.

We visited mostly Old Testament sites, but there is considerable disagreement among scholars about the precise identification of most of these sites. Here are some possible sites we saw: Abel-Shittim, Succoth, Zarethan (or Zaphon). We also visited Tell Mazar, and the area of Tell Dhahab (possible sites of Penuel, and nearby Mahanaim). There are no road signs to these places and the locals in the nearby villages provided little help. This is the vicinity where Jacob settled for a while on his trek from Padan-Aram to Shechem.

One of our most interesting stops was at Tell Kafrein. This site had not yet been identified, but a team of archaeologists from a Greek university were working there. We met the director and received a good tour of the site and of the pottery lab.

Today we will probably go to the area south of Amman, including Heshbon, Dibon, and other sites.

Standing where Moses stood

One of the highlights of a tour to Jordan is a visit to Mount Nebo. This site is most famous because Moses went up to this mountain and looked at the land the LORD has promised to the descendants of Abraham.

Now Moses went up from the plains of Moab to Mount Nebo, to the top of Pisgah, which is opposite Jericho. And the LORD showed him all the land, Gilead as far as Dan, 2 and all Naphtali and the land of Ephraim and Manasseh, and all the land of Judah as far as the western sea, 3 and the Negev and the plain in the valley of Jericho, the city of palm trees, as far as Zoar. (Deuteronomy 34:1-3)

The view from Mount Nebo yesterday was the clearest I recall seeing in a long time. In our photo the northern end of the Dead Sea is visible.

Sorry, but the signal is too weak to post the photo.

Thursday evening at the Dead Sea. We enjoyed the visit of Petra and the trip to the Dead Sea. Tonight we are at a hotel on the shores of the Dead Sea. This is a beautiful location.

Hopefully I will be able to post photos soon.

Hazor, Dan, Caesarea Philippi, Golan Heights

Today we visited sites north of the Sea of Galilee. We began at Hazor, a site overlooking the Hulah Valley. The Israelites came to this large city and defeated the inhabitants and burned the city.

However, Israel did not burn any cities that stood on their mounds, except Hazor alone, which Joshua burned. (Joshua 11:13)

This photo shows the water shaft due in the days of King Ahab of Israel. Gates and walls were for protection, and food and water were a necessity for survival.

The water shaft at Hazor. Photo by

We continued north to the Israeli-Lebanese border at Metulla. Afterwards we went to Tel Dan. In order to get to the tel it is necessary to walk through a nature park, much of it along the Dan River, the strongest source of the Jordan River. Here is a photo of a stretch of reconstructed wall near the city gate.

Reconstruction of the City Wall at Tel Dan. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

We continued a short distance east to Banias, the biblical Caesarea Philippi, where Jesus made His promise to build the church upon His own deity.

Now when Jesus came into the district of Caesarea Philippi, He was asking His disciples, “Who do people say that the Son of Man is?” And they said, “Some say John the Baptist; and others, Elijah; but still others, Jeremiah, or one of the prophets.” He said to them, “But who do you say that I am?” Simon Peter answered, “You are the Christ, the Son of the living God.” And Jesus said to him, “Blessed are you, Simon Barjona, because flesh and blood did not reveal this to you, but My Father who is in heaven. “I also say to you that you are Peter, and upon this rock I will build My church; and the gates of Hades will not overpower it. “I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven; and whatever you bind on earth shall have been bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall have been loosed in heaven.” (Matthew 16:13-19)

We made a short stop at Birket Ram, a lake in an extinct crater below Mount Hermon. There was almost no snow on the mountain today. Often a small amount of snow can still be seen by this time of year. We continued to Tiberias through the Golan Heights (biblical Bashan), where one of the cities of refuge was located (Joshus 20:8).

We closed the tour day with a short visit to Mount Arbel for a view of the Sea of Galilee.

The Shabat (Sabbath) has begun in Israel. Jews pour into the hotels for the Shabat to have their meal prepared for them by someone else. We are near a pedestrian street with a number of restaurants. The music is loud, indicating very little in the way of a spiritual significance to the Sabbath. A far cry from the commands of the Torah.

Caesarea Maritima, Mount Carmel, and Nazareth

After a good night of rest along the beautiful Mediterranean we left Netanya and headed a few miles north to Caesarea Maritima. Caesarea was a first century Roman capital and seaport. The gospel was first preached to the Gentiles here when Peter came from Joppa to Caesarea to tell Cornelius words by which he could be saved (Acts 10, 11).

Herod the Great built a city on the site of Strato’s Tower and named it Caesarea in honor of Caesar Augustus. It became a certer of Roman provincial government in Judea. The city had a harbor and was located on the main caravan route between Tyre and Egypt. This city is called Caesarea Maritima (on the sea) to distinguish it from Caesarea Philippi.

Paul used the harbor at Caesarea several times. He was imprisoned here for two years before departing for Rome (Acts 24:27; 27:1). This photo shows the area of Herod’s Palace with the replica of the Pilate inscription. This inscription was found in the theater in 1961. Pilate was the Roman procurator of Judea from A.D. 26-36.

Caesarea. Palace of Herod. Pilate Inscription. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

After visiting other sites of the city we continued north to Mount Carmel to visit the site associated with Elijah and the prophets of Baal (1 Kings 18). We crossed the Valley of Jezreel (the Armageddon of Rev. 16:16), and came to Nazareth, the boyhood home of Jesus. One of the highlights of the day was a visit to the Nazareth Village. This is a wonderful place to see authentic illustrations of life in the time of Jesus.

Nazareth Village is built on the site of a first century farm. We saw a wine press cut into rock, a watchtower, a carpenter at work a woman spinning wool, a reconstructed synagogue, etc. I would encourage anyone coming to this area to visit Nazareth Village. I keep a link to their web site at Biblical Studies Info Page. Here is a direct link to Nazareth Village. This beautiful photo shows the shepherd with his sheep.

Nazareth Village - Sheperd with sheep. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

Tonight we are at Tiberias on the shores of the Sea of Galilee.

Landing amid snipper fire!

About the time we were ready for landing the pilot began what seemed link some diversionary tactics, first turning to the left, and then to the right. We knew that this was an area that had seen conflict for several millennial.

When the pilot had the plane safely on the tarmac we all jumped out and hunkered down to avoid the sniper fire from all sides. The greeting that had been planned for us had to be cancelled.

So much for April fool’s day! (I haven’t heard anything about the presidential campaigns since leaving the USA.)

We made the trip safely, but several pieces of luggage were missing. Once these reports had been filed we left the airport and went to Joppa.

Joppa is located on the Mediterranean Sea. Joppa is now part of Tel Aviv-Yaffo. The site is associated with several important evens from biblical times. Solomon traded wheat, barley, oil, and wine to Hiram of Tyre for the timber of Lebanon to be used in Solomon’s building projects, including the temple.

“Now then, let my lord send to his servants wheat and barley, oil and wine, of which he has spoken. We will cut whatever timber you need from Lebanon and bring it to you on rafts by sea to Joppa, so that you may carry it up to Jerusalem.” (2 Chroinicles 2:15-16).

Jonah took a ship from Joppa toward Tarshish in a feeble attempt disobey the Lord (Johan 1:3). Peter raised Dorcas (Tabitha) at Joppa (Acts 9:36-43). While in the city, Peter received messengers from Cornelius of Caesarea (Acts 10-11). Part of the account in Acts reads this way:

“And he reported to us how he had seen the angel standing in his house, and saying, ‘Send to Joppa and have Simon, who is also called Peter, brought here; and he will speak words to you by which you will be saved, you and all your household.” (Acts 11:13-14).

Our photo today is made from the site of Joppa, looking toward the modern city of Tel Aviv. We plan to see Caesarea tomorrow.

Tel Aviv from the site of ancient Joppa. The Mediterranean Sea. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

The Valley of Jezreel from Murakah

Every Bible class teacher has probably learned to sketch the coastline of Canaan (Palestine, Israel). Be sure to make that little jut out into the Mediterranean Sea to represent Mount Carmel. But Mount Carmel is much more; it is a range. Consisting largely of limestone, the mountain is almost 15 miles long by 5 miles wide. The elevation is about 1500 feet above sea level. From the western promontory one can overlook the city and port of Haifa. The Roman general Vespasian, who later became emperor, offered sacrifices on Mount Carmel before the war against the Jews (A.D. 66-70) (Hoade, Guide to the Holy Land, 665).

The location of Mount Carmel made it practical for travelers going north or south to travel around the mountain through the Jezreel Valley (or Valley of Megiddo). To the Greeks it was the Valley of Esdraelon.

Carmel is best known as the place of the contest between Elijah and the prophets of Baal. Elijah had king Ahab to call all Israel and the 450 prophets of Baal to Mount Carmel (1 Kings 18:17-40). The traditional site for this event is shown at Muhrakah on the eastern end of Mount Carmel. Below the Carmelite monastery of St. Elijah can be seen the valley of Megiddo and the tell of Jokneam (Josh. 12:22). The brook Kishon, where the prophets of Baal were slain, is nearby (1 Kings 18:40).

The photo below of the Jezreel Valley was made from the roof of the monastery. The view is a little to the north, but mostly to the east. The tell in the center of the photo immediately below the mountain is Jokneam. The Bible mentions its “pasture lands” in Joshua 21:34. In the distant left you can see the mountains of lower Galilee, where Nazareth is located. Mediddo, not visible, is to the extreme right. The River Kishon is just a little to the left of this view.

View of the Valley of Megiddo from Muraka. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

The Valley of Megiddo was the scene of many significant historical battles and provides the background for the setting of Armageddon (or Har-Magedon) in Revelation 16.

The photo below is intended to remind travelers to wear a hat and sunscreen when visiting Israel. It is much brighter than most Americans are accustomed to in the spring of the year.

Ferrell Jenkins and the Statue of Elijah at Murakah.