Category Archives: Old Testament

The Step Pyramid of Zoser at Saqqara

Yesterday afternoon our group visited Memphis and Saqqara. Saqqara is significant because it is the location of of the oldest freestanding stone building in the world. The architect of this structure was the vizier and physician Imhotep. Zoser reigned about 2600 B.C.

Hachette World Guide on Cairo, Alexandria and Environs, describes the pyramid in these terms:

The Step Pyramid is formed of six unequal sections and is not, in the strict sense, a pyramid tat all. The plan is not square, but oblong in the S-W sense, and the summit is formed by a terrace (also oblong) and not by a Pyramidion. The dimensions of the base are approximately 397 feet by 357 feet. The present height of the Pyramid is 193 feet. It would originally have been some 196 feet. The verticle slope of the steps is on an average of some 16°, the horizontal [slope is] 22°.

Many of the structures of ancient Egypt are in need of repair, and many are being repaired. I noticed scaffolding on all sides of the pyramid.

Step Pyramid of Zoser at Saqqara. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

The Step Pyramid of Zoser at Saqqara. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

This pyramid, as well as the great pyramids of Giza, was built long before the time of the  biblical characters who visited Egypt — Abraham, Joseph, Jacob, et al.

Traveling in the land of Goshen

We spent the entire day traveling in Egypt’s eastern delta region, known in the Bible as the land of Goshen. The photo below shows a typical scene of flat, fertile, black land with lush vegetation, cattle, some sheep, and canals.

Typical scene in the land of Goshen.

Typical scene in the land of Goshen. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins

This is the land where Joseph placed his family when they came to Egypt for food.

You will live in the land of Goshen, and you will be near me– you, your children, your grandchildren, your flocks, your herds, and everything you have. I will provide you with food there because there will be five more years of famine. Otherwise you would become poor– you, your household, and everyone who belongs to you.”‘ (Genesis 45:10-11 NET)

Traveling to Egypt

The first biblical reference to Egypt is in Genesis 12:10.

There was a famine in the land, so Abram went down to Egypt to stay for a while because the famine was severe. (Genesis 12:10 NET)

Untold multitudes of people have traveled to Egypt before and after the time of Abram, and for a variety of reasons — to find food, to find refuge, to conquer, to search for treasures, to study history, to make photographs, naming just a few. Our purpose in going to Egypt is not only to enjoy the culture of Egypt, but to study the history at it relates to biblical history. In the next couple of weeks we will try to highlight some of these things. We hope you will travel with us through this blog.

We may not be able to post every day, and due to the time change, it may be at an unusual time of the day. Our non-stop flight is scheduled to depart from New York in less than two hours. The flight takes about 11 hours.

Biblical Studies Info Page

Biblical Studies Information Page. For the past ten years I have maintained the Biblical Studies Info Page here. The site was established under another name about four years earlier, then transferred to my own domain. While there are some articles posted there, the site is mostly a series of links to material that I consider worthwhile, especially for the person who has a limited number of sources available in his/her own library. I have fewer hits now than I did several years ago. I think one major reason is that people use search engines such as Google and Yahoo.

Let me suggest that there is still a value to using the Biblical Studies Info Page. The material is divided into several categories which are noted on the left side of the home page. The Links page is of primary interest to readers associated with churches of Christ. The Bible Places category can be very helpful if one is looking for information on biblical sites. (Incidentally, to my knowledge this page was online a few months prior to the highly popular Bibleplaces.com.)

Biblical Studies Info Page

Front page of the Biblical Studies Info Page.

Probably the most important category is marked Scholarly. This page is not scholarly in the sense of doctoral dissertation’s are scholarly (or should be!). I envisioned it as a page of material that a “lay” person could read and be able to have some confidence in. Sometimes there are two links to differing views on a subject. I intend for people to think, examine, and draw their own conclusions. The categories within the page are important: Apologetics, Culture; Archaeology & the Bible; Bible Study Software & Tools; Bibles Available Online; Biblical Backgrounds; Biblical Criticism: Manuscripts & Translations; Blogs and News Pertaining to Biblical Studies; Books; Church History; Documenting Your Online Research; Evangelism; Greek Studies; Judaism; Maps of Bible Lands; Museums and Traveling Exhibits; New Testament Background; Old Testament Materials; Patristics; Periodicals: Scholarly Journals; Photos and Art; Resource Indices; Restoration Movement (history); Study Materials: Online; Theology.

A Video Surprise

By surprise one day I received an Email from Tony Eldridge, a young author and book marketing expert. Tony writes a blog filled with good tips for people who have books to promote. Begin with his home page here, and move on to the blog.

What surprised me was that Tony had prepared a short video explaining the value of the Biblical Studies Info Page for members of the church where he is a member. You might enjoy his introductory video here. He also reviews other web sites that he considers helpful to Bible students.

Our thanks to Tony.

The vineyard of the man lacking sense

I passed by the field of the sluggard And by the vineyard of the man lacking sense, And behold, it was completely overgrown with thistles; Its surface was covered with nettles, And its stone wall was broken down. When I saw, I reflected upon it; I looked, and received instruction. “A little sleep, a little slumber, A little folding of the hands to rest,” Then your poverty will come as a robber And your want like an armed man. (Proverbs 24:30-34 NAU)

Neglected vineyard at Neot Kedumim. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

Neglected vineyard at Neot Kedumim. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

A broken stone wall of the vineyard. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

A broken stone wall of the vineyard. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

These images might also provide some insight into the statement of the Shulammite girl.

Do not stare at me because I am swarthy, For the sun has burned me. My mother’s sons were angry with me; They made me caretaker of the vineyards, But I have not taken care of my own vineyard. (Song of Solomon 1:6 NAU)

Many worthwhile applications may be drawn from the Scriptural truth illustrated by these photos. I hope you will take a little time today to meditate on these things.

Larger photos suitable for use in sermons and Bible classes are available by clicking on the image.

Can you identify the hill in our new header?

Have you noticed our new header photograph? Can you identify the location? It is a photo of the hill of Moreh mentioned in Judges 7.

I’m sure you know the story. The Israelites were oppressed by the Midianites who lived east of the Jordan River. In fact, the Midianites camped by the hill of Moreh in the Jezreel valley north of the Israelites (Judges 6:33). Gideon and his people camped beside the spring of Harod (Ein Harod). Our photo was made from Ein Harod, looking north toward the hill of Moreh.

Then Jerubbaal (that is, Gideon) and all the people who were with him, rose early and camped beside the spring of Harod; and the camp of Midian was on the north side of them by the hill of Moreh in the valley. (Judges 7:1 NAU)

The Hill of Moreh from En Harod. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

The Hill of Moreh from Ein Harod. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

The map below from BibleAtlas.org will help you locate Ein Harod and the hill of Moreh (Mount Moreh). Click on the map for a larger image.

Map showing Ein Harod and Mount Moreh.

Map showing Ein Harod and Mount (hill of) Moreh. BibleAtlas.org

Repairing the ruins of ancient Babylon

The New York Times ran an article by Steven Lee Myers on the current efforts to save the ruins of Babylon.

On the hillside during one of his many visits to the ruins, Jeff Allen, a conservationist working with the World Monuments Fund, said: “All this is unexcavated. There is great potential at this site. You could excavate the street plan of the entire city.”

That is certainly years away given the realities of today’s Iraq. But for the first time since the American invasion in 2003, after years of neglect and violence, archaeologists and preservationists have once again begun working to protect and even restore parts of Babylon and other ancient ruins of Mesopotamia. And there are new sites being excavated for the first time, mostly in secret to avoid attracting the attention of looters, who remain a scourge here.

The entire article is available here. The article is accompanied by a nice 4:12 minute video of the restoration efforts here. According to the reports the reconstructions made by the Sadaam Hussein regime in the 1980s will probably be torn down.

Jim Davila adds this tip at Paleojudaica:

Related, also in the NYT: A Tour of Iraq’s Ancient Sites. Included are a video about the (traditional) tomb of Ezekiel … and a photo of Hebrew inscriptions at the (traditional) tomb of the prophet Nahum, as well as photos and videos of other sites of biblical and related interest.

The photo below was made Tuesday, May 12, 1970, and still looks fairly good considering the time lapse and my camera equipment at the time.

Ruins of Ancient Babylon, 1970. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

Ruins of Ancient Babylon, 1970. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

The prophet Jeremiah spoke about the future of Babylon:

Babylon will become a heap of ruins. Jackals will make their home there. It will become an object of horror and of hissing scorn, a place where no one lives. (Jeremiah 51:37 NET)

We called attention to the UN report of US damage to ancient Babylon here.

HT: Ben Witherington III; Paleojudaica.

Wishing you a fruitful and pleasant New Year

The beginning of a New Year gives us an opportunity to correct the mistakes we made in the previous year and try more diligently to do better in the future.

I trust that your New Year will be one of fruitfulness and pleasantness as you seek to honor the Creator of the universe and all men.

A fruit kiosk at the port of Akko (Roman Ptolemais). Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

A fruit kiosk at the port of Akko (Roman Ptolemais). Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

1 How blessed is the man who does not walk in the counsel of the wicked, Nor stand in the path of sinners, Nor sit in the seat of scoffers!
2 But his delight is in the law of the LORD, And in His law he meditates day and night.
3 He will be like a tree firmly planted by streams of water, Which yields its fruit in its season And its leaf does not wither; And in whatever he does, he prospers.
4 The wicked are not so, But they are like chaff which the wind drives away.
5 Therefore the wicked will not stand in the judgment, Nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous.
6 For the LORD knows the way of the righteous, But the way of the wicked will perish. (Psalm 1:1-6 NAU)

Ancient Yarkon fortress with Greek and Assyrian connections?

The American Friends of Tel Aviv University have announced that Tel Aviv University researchers have connected Tel Qadadi, at the mouth of the Yarkon River in Tel Aviv, with the Greek island of Lesbos.

Tel Qudadi, an ancient fortress located in the heart of Tel Aviv at the mouth of the Yarkon River, was first excavated more than 70 years ago — but the final results of neither the excavations nor the finds were ever published. Now, research on Tel Qudadi by archaeologists at Tel Aviv University has unpeeled a new layer of history, indicating that there is much more to learn from the site, including evidence that links ancient Israel to the Greek island of Lesbos.

“The secrets of this ancient fortress are only beginning to be revealed,” Dr. Alexander Fantalkin and Dr. Oren Tal of Tel Aviv University’s Department of Archaeology say. Their new research was recently published in the Palestine Exploration Quarterly and BABESH: Annual Papers on Mediterranean Archaeology.

The release points out that it was thought in the past that the Tel Qadadi fortress was established in the 10th century B.C. by King Solomon.

The establishment of the fortress at Tel Qudadi was understood later as evidence of the existence of a developed maritime policy in the days of the United Monarchy in ancient Israel.

Another view was that the fortress belonged to the 9th century B.C. and should be attributed to the Kingdom of Israel. An amphora from the Greek island of Lesbos in the Aegean is said to provide evidence that the site should now be dated to the late 8th/early 7th century fortress “serving the Assyrian interests in the Levantine coast rather than part of the Israelite Kingdom.”

One could not possibly have anything dating to the time of Solomon within a potsherd’s throw of Tel Aviv University!

Read the entire news release here.

The AFTAU release included a small photo by my friend and co-traveler Leon Mauldin.  Leon has given me permission to post his photo here. It shows the mouth of the Yarkon River as it flows into the Mediterranean Sea. The river begins a few miles inland at the Old Testament site of Aphek (1 Samuel 4:1), known in Roman times as Antipatris (Acts 23:31). Click on the photo for a larger image.

Aerial view of mouth of the Yarkon River at Tel Aviv. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

Aerial view of mouth of the Yarkon River at Tel Aviv. Photo by Leon Mauldin.

The arrow points to the little tel on the north bank of the Yarkon.

There is another lesson in this press release. Scholars, including archaeologist, do not agree and they often change their minds. It is a mistake for one to build an “infallible” case on a fallible premise. We must work with the evidence we have at any given time.

You may see more of Leon’s photos at Leon’s Message Board.

HT: Joseph I. Lauer

Here and there — Tuesday 12/28/2010

Roman Soldier Photos. We have used a few photos by J. P. vd Giessen of the Roman Festival, Nijmegen, Netherlands. Jan Pieter informs me that he is  now making these photos available for everyone to view. He has a total of 480 images available here. In fact, all of the photos that have appeared on his blog are available in the Gallery. Check his Dutch language Aantekeningen bij de Bijbel blog.

Bible Reading Schedule. Mark Roberts is making his 2011 Five Day Bible Reading Schedule available free in PDF for individuals and churches who wish to use it. This program allows the reading of the entire Bible or just the New Testament during the year. Details available as the Bible Class Materials web site here. Notice the Quick Links on the right. Check the other available materials while you are there.

Other Bible Reading Plans. The ESV online site displays the ESV text, the study notes, maps, charts, and other resources. Look to the right top of the page at the word DEVOTIONS. There you will see a pull down menu with Reading Plans. There about a dozen, including a Chronological plan. Your chosen plan may be downloaded for printing. You may use one of the plans with your own version of choice.