Category Archives: Old Testament

The sheep of His pasture

The photo we are sharing today is typical of the beautiful scenes in the Shephelah (lowland) of Israel in the spring (Obadiah 1:19). After the grain has been harvested the sheep are led by their shepherd into the fields to graze. The photo today shows the fields and hills between the Valley of Elah and Beit Guvrin to the east of Highway 38. This is near the entry to the Adullam Grove Nature Reserve and Horbat Midras.

Sheep grazing in the Shephelah. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

Sheep grazing in the Shephelah. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

Numerous biblical references come to mind. Note what the Psalmist said about the role of man in relation to the animals.

You have given him dominion over the works of your hands; you have put all things under his feet, all sheep and oxen, and also the beasts of the field, the birds of the heavens, and the fish of the sea, whatever passes along the paths of the seas. O LORD, our Lord, how majestic is your name in all the earth!  (Psalm 8:6-9 ESV)

Or, the reference to God’s people as the sheep of His pasture.

But we your people, the sheep of your pasture, will give thanks to you forever; from generation to generation we will recount your praise. (Psalm 79:13-1; cf. 100:3 ESV)

Or, perhaps the most familiar of all:

The LORD is my shepherd; I shall not want. (Psalm 23:1 ESV)

A hi-res photo suitable for use in teaching is available by clicking on the image. You can make your own caption across the sky or the grain field.

Archaeologist Sarah Parcak discovers lost pyramids and other antiquities in Egypt

UAB News (University of Alabama at Birmingham) announces a significant discovery by one of their professors.

Sarah Parcak, Ph.D., an Egyptologist and assistant professor of archaeology at UAB, used infra-red satellite imaging to discover 17 lost pyramids as well as more than 1,000 tombs and 3,100 ancient settlements.

Dr. Sarah Parcak, UAB, discusses her recent discoveries in Egypt.

Dr. Sarah Parcak, UAB, discusses her recent discoveries in Egypt.

The discovery will be revealed in a BBC documentary next Monday. A different program will be aired on the Discovery Channel later this summer.

At Tanis … Parcak discovered an ancient network of streets and houses, which are completely invisible from the ground.

More information is available in the UAB News here.

Dr. Parcak is well known for her archaeological work and is a member of the American Schools of Oriental Research.

Tourists pose beside ancient monuments at Tanis. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

Tourists pose beside ancient monuments at Tanis. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

Here we see tourists posing beside the ancient monuments at Tanis. Imagine the complex of houses and streets that may be hidden under the tons of accumulated dirt.

Tanis, modern site of San el-Hagar,  is thought by some Egyptologists to correspond to the Zoan mentioned in several Old Testament references (Numbers 13:22; Psalm 78:12, 43). Kenneth Kitchen says the reference to Hebron being built seven years before Zoan

may indicate a refounding of Zoan in the Middle Kingdom (c. 2000-1800 B.C.), or more probably by the Hyksos kings in the 16th century B.C., whose N capital Avaris Zoan may possible be.” (The New Bible Dictionary, 3rd Ed., 1271)

The Golden Age of Ebla — before the biblical Patriarchs

My only visit to Ebla was in 2002. This means I do not have hi-res photos, except for a few slides that I have had digitized, but I am delighted to have any photos. At the site I picked up a small booklet, Tell Mardikh — Ebla, written by Faja Haj Muhammad that gives a short presentation of the history and remains of the kingdom of ancient Ebla. I will share a couple of photos with some brief info from that book.

The first photo shows the reconstruction of the Palace of the Crown Prince (Palace Q or Western Palace). This palace, built of mud brick, is “located in the lower town, west of the Acropolis.” In the portion of the palace shown here you will see “a well preserved room, used for the grinding of cereals, in order to prepare bread for hundreds of persons.”

Ebla Western Palace Reconstruction. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

Ebla Western Palace Reconstruction. Note the grinding stones. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

The Royal Archives. In 1975 the excavators discovered a square room west of the Administrative Wing, on the wall, filled with 17,000 clay tablets. The large square tablets had been on shelves. The small round one were found in baskets on the floor.

… the texts were placed according to their subject, and different subjects corresponded to different shapes of tablet.

… There are administrative, economical, historical, judicial, religious texts. The writing is cuneiform. The language is a local language, now called by scholars (Eblaite), which belongs to the same family as Akkadian of Mesopotamia.

Ebla Archives Room. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

Ebla Archives Room. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

The Western Palace and the Archive are dated to the first golden age of Ebla, 2400–2250 B.C. This is long before the time of Abraham who lived north of Ebla at Haran in Padan Aram for a time. Haran is about 150 miles north of Ebla.

So Abram went, as the LORD had told him, and Lot went with him. Abram was seventy-five years old when he departed from Haran.  (Genesis 12:4 ESV)

Isaac took Rebekah, the daughter of Bethuel the Aramean of Paddan-aram to be his wife (Genesis 25:20). Jacob spent more than two decades in the same area. Most of the children of Jacob (= Israel) were born in the region.

God appeared to Jacob again, when he came from Paddan-aram, and blessed him. (Genesis 35:9 ESV)

When did Abraham live? I don’t want to begin a fight, but I will note several dates suggested by scholars for Abraham.

  • Between 2000 and 1700 B.C. A large number of scholars such as Glueck, Albright, and Wright took this position.
  • 14th Century B.C. This was the view of Cyrus Gordon. (Too late for me.)
  • Born 2165 B.C. The view of John Davis in his excellent book, Paradise to Prison. Davis understands Galatians 3:17 to begin with the arrival of Abraham in Egypt.
  • Born 1950 B.C. This view says Galatians 3:17 is dated from the entrance to Canaan (Genesis 12:4). My inclinations are here.

Now you have something to work on. My only point here is to show that Ebla was a powerful, thriving, economic power long before Abraham. Ebla flourished again in Middle Bronze I-II (1850-1600 B.C.). It is possible that Isaac and Jacob knew of the city.

Ebla and the Ebla Tablets

The Ebla tablets were discovered by an Italian team of excavators at Tell Mardikh in Syria (about 30 miles S of Aleppo) in 1975. More than 17,000 cuneiform tablets were discovered. They date to the mid-third millennium B.C. when Ebla was the capital of a great Canaanite empire. Scholars state that there are important affinities between the Eblaite language and biblical Hebrew, both being members of the Northwest Semitic family.

Ebla - Tell Mardikh - Syria. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins. May, 2002.

Tell Mardikh (Ebla) in Syria. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins, May 2002.

Numerous articles have appeared in the popular press and in scholarly journals stating that the names of Sodom and Gomorrah appear in the Ebla tablets. At one point it was even being said that all five cities of the plain (Gen. 14), and perhaps the name of one of the kings, were mentioned in the tablets. Much controversy has surrounded this discussion. Infighting between the excavator (Paolo Matthiae), the epigrapher (Giovanni Pettinato), and other scholars, along with some political implications, clouded the whole issue.

The late Mitchell Dahood (died 1982), an expert in Ugaritic literature, claimed that the cities of Sodom and Zeboim “may have counterparts” in the Ebla tablets (Giovanni Pettinato, The Archives of Ebla, 287). Pettinato was the first to read and interpret tablets from the Ebla archives and the first to identify the Northwest Semitic language in which they are written. Paolo Matthiae, the archaeologist, says the rumors that there is proof of the historical accuracy of the Bible patriarchs, references to Sodom and Gomorrah, etc. “are tales without foundation” (Ebla: An Empire Rediscovered, 11). One scholar states, “the initial enthusiasm about the light the tablets would shed on the early stages of biblical culture is now mostly seen as exaggerated. Clearly, no biblical personages can be identified in the tablets … ” (Harper’s Bible Dictionary, [1985] 235). Dahood, in the Afterword of Pettinato’s book, commented on the pessimism of one university professor with this classic put down:

How a savant can determine how relevant to the Bible a new discovery may be before the tablets have been published must remain a mystery. (Pettinato, The Archives of Ebla, 273).

Dahood says that the people of Ebla spoke a dialect of Canaanite and that their principal god was Dagan the Canaanite or the Lord of Canaan. This indicates that Canaan extended much further north than previously thought (Pettinato, 272). Dahood cites several biblical passages in which he believes a parallel exists between the Hebrew and Eblaite words (271-321). Numerous names in Genesis find parallel in the Ebla tablets. I had the opportunity to hear Dahood speak on this subject at a professional meeting in Dallas years ago.

Ebla Tablet at Bible Land Museum Jerusalem. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins shortly after the BLMJ opened and photos were permitted.

An Ebla Tablet. BLMJ. Originally the museum allowed photos. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

At this point scholars are not agreed on the proper reading of some of the Eblaite words. Perhaps in time we will know more about this. For the present we must wait patiently. Numerous articles about Ebla have appeared in Biblical Archaeologist and Biblical Archaeology Review, as well as other journals.

Word comes regarding the death of Professor Giovanni Pettinato at the age of 77. Details here. HT: Bible Places Blog.

New difficulties on the “Jesus Trail”

We have reported about Larry’s hiking on the “Jesus Trail” from Nazareth to Bethsaida. Larry’s last post was at the end of Day 3. On his trek from Moshav Arbel eastward he encountered a new problem — the strong East winds.

Almost everyone who has visited Israel has learned of the West winds that make their way through the depressions around the Sea of Galilee and create storms on the Sea. Unless you travel in the “transitional season” or in the (dry) summer season you may not have learned about the East wind. This wind is called the sirocco. In Egypt it is known as the khamsin, and in Israel as the sharav.

Denis Baly, The Geography of the Bible (1974 ed., pp. 51-53), explains these winds. He says they occur in the transitional seasons from early April to mid-June (that is now), and from mid-September to the end of October. Baly says,

It is this intense dryness and the fine dust in the air which are so exhausting, for other hot days, though troublesome, do not have the same effect. People with a heart condition, nervous complaints, or sinus trouble are particularly affected, but even the mildest-tempered person is apt to become irritable and to snap at other people for no apparent reason. Tourists find the sirocco especially frustrating, for not only does travel become fatiguing, but the fine yellowish dust which fills the air drains it of all color, blots out all but the immediate vicinity, and makes photography a mockery.

Here is how Larry described his day in an Email to me overnight.

No blog last night because of the storm. I woke to high winds from the east which dusted up the air so badly that photos were mostly useless. Worst part was that it was directly against me and really HOT. Pushing against 20+ mph winds really took the steam out of me. By the end of the day I was utterly exhausted.  Drank my full 3 litres and had good dinners and breakfasts, but energy levels are still very low.

The photo below is one of the aerial shots we made a week ago. It was made while flying over the west shore of the Sea of Galilee, with the view to the west. You can see Mount Arbel and the Wadi Hamam below. The Via Maris runs in this valley which is also called the Valley of the Doves. You will notice two lines of mountains further west.

I am rather sure that this is the route Larry was walking yesterday. Larry has lived in Washington state for many years. I think he is not bothered by the sudden rains, but the intense heat and strong wind from the east may be another matter. I want you to think about the fact that all of the biblical characters from the Patriarchs to Jesus and His disciples encountered conditions similar to these (and worse).

Aerial view of Arbel and the Via Maris. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

Aerial view of Arbel, Wadi Hamam, and the Via Maris. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

Baly cites several biblical references to the east and south winds that bring in the hot air and the dust storms. He says, “Where the mountains come close to the sea a strong sirocco pours down the slopes like a flood, at 60 miles an hour or more, stirring the sea into a fury.”

By the east wind you shattered the ships of Tarshish. (Psalm 48:7 ESV)

In the prophecy against Tyre, Ezekiel says,

“Your rowers have brought you out into the high seas. The east wind has wrecked you in the heart of the seas. (Ezekiel 27:26 ESV)

Notice Elihu’s comments to Job about the south wind.

Do you know the balancings of the clouds, the wondrous works of him who is perfect in knowledge,  you whose garments are hot when the earth is still because of the south wind?  (Job 37:16-17 ESV)

Jesus also observed the effect of the south wind:

And when you see the south wind blowing, you say, ‘There will be scorching heat,’ and it happens. (Luke 12:55 ESV)

Do you remember Jonah’s problems after enjoying the shade of his plant?

When the sun rose, God appointed a scorching east wind, and the sun beat down on the head of Jonah so that he was faint. And he asked that he might die and said, “It is better for me to die than to live.” (Jonah 4:8 ESV)

Baly calls attention to the effect of the spring siroccos on the crops.

The spring siroccos destroy the winter grass and may damage the crops if they come too soon, and hence they appear constantly in the Bible as a symbol of the impermanence of riches or of human life.

Note these additional references in your own study: Psalm 103:16; Isaiah 40:6-8; Hosea 13:15; Ezekiel 17:10; James 1:11.

When Larry goes back on line I am sure his vivid descriptions of his experience will be well worth reading. Here is the link.

Update: Larry is back in Jerusalem Wednesday evening.

Saul visited a medium at En-Dor (Endor)

En-Dor (or Endor) is a fairly insignificant site. It is now located in the middle of wheat fields and groves. I had seen it from the road, but this time I was able in a car to drive to it and get some better photos. This one shows the low tel, and a wheat field ready for harvest. The view is to the north. Mount Tabor dominates the scene to the right, but it is not visible in this photo. One has to go with the light in making photos.

En-Dor on the shoulder of the Hill of Moreh. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

En-Dor on the shoulder of the Hill of Moreh. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

Shards of pottery are visible all around, especially in the low areas of the farm road as well as in the plowed field. This is a certain indication of an ancient inhabited site.

Pottery shards at En-Dor. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

Pottery shards at En-Dor. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

En-Dor was located in the territory of Issachar, but was allotted to the half tribe of Manasseh that settled on the west bank of the Jordan (Joshua 17:11).

The most significant biblical event recorded in connection with En-Dor is the visit of  King Saul to the medium of En-Dor.

The Israelites were gathered with Saul on Mount Gilboa. When Saul saw the Philistines gathered against him in the valley below he was afraid and sought out a medium or necromancer, even though earlier he had them removed from the land. This medium lived over the Hill of Moreh on the northern slopes at En-Dor. This tel is located about 2½ miles south of Mount Tabor on the south and east side of Highway 65. It is easily discernible by the palm trees growing there.

Then Saul said to his servants, “Seek out for me a woman who is a medium, that I may go to her and inquire of her.” And his servants said to him, “Behold, there is a medium at En-dor.” (1 Samuel 28:7 ESV)

Map showing location of En-Dor. Courtesy of BibleAtlas.org.

Map showing location of En-Dor. Courtesy of BibleAtlas.org.

Aerial view of Megiddo

It is the Sabbath here in Israel and rather quiet. Israeli families fill the hotels on Friday night and do not leave until the afternoon of the Shabat. Some do not leave until sunset. Of course, there are many who are out hiking and engaging in other non-religious activities.

For this quiet day I wanted to share another of the aerial photos I made earlier in the week. In the photo below Megiddo looks like the model displayed in the tiny visitor’s center at the site. In the distance to the southwest we see Mount Carmel. A small portion of the Jezreel Valley (or Esdraelon) is also in view.

Aerial view of Megiddo and Mount Carmel. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

Aerial view of Megiddo and Mount Carmel. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

Notice just two of the significant biblical references to Megiddo.

And this is the account of the forced labor that King Solomon drafted to build the house of the LORD and his own house and the Millo and the wall of Jerusalem and Hazor and Megiddo and Gezer.  (1 Kings 9:15 ESV)

In his days Pharaoh Neco king of Egypt went up to the king of Assyria to the river Euphrates. King Josiah went to meet him, and Pharaoh Neco killed him at Megiddo, as soon as he saw him. (2 Kings 23:29 ESV)

From Med to Dead

Larry and I saw the Mediterranean Sea (the Great Sea of the Bible, Numbers 34:6; Joshua 1:4) at Ashkelon, and the Dead Sea in the distance from the Herodion (Herodium).

The photo below was made from the Herodium. The view is south toward the modern Arab town of Tekoah (Tekoa). The biblical tel of Tekoah is visible in the distance beyond the city, a little to the left of center.

View south from the Herodium to Tekoah. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

View south from the Herodium to Tekoah. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

Joab called a wise woman of Tekoah (Tekoa) to help him convince David to send for the banished Absalom who was in Geshur. This interesting story is recorded in 2 Samuel 14.

Rehoboam built a fortified city at Tekoah (2 Chronicles 11:5-12).

There is a reference to the desert (wilderness) of Tekoah (2 Chronicles 20:20).

Amos the prophet lived at Tekoah (Amos 1:1) on the edge of the Judean wilderness. He spoke of working as a herdsman and taking care of the sycamore trees.

Amos replied to Amaziah, “I was not a prophet by profession. No, I was a herdsman who also took care of sycamore fig trees. (Amos 7:14, NET Bible).

A day in the Shephelah

Today proved to be an exciting and profitable one for Larry Haverstock and me. We traveled south along highway 60 from Jerusalem, past Bethlehem, and almost to Hebron before turning back and heading west to the Elah Valley. On the way to Hebron one sees many examples of terraced farming, and vineyards in wadis.

In the Elah Valley vicinity we stopped at Socoh, the Brook Elah, and the Elah Fortress at Khirbet Qeiyafa. We also had a nice view of Azekah. This area is associated with the events of 1 Samuel 17 (David and Goliath).

The photo below shows the Iron Age, four chamber gate at the Elah Fortress. This is the northern gate which faces Azekah. This scene is reminiscent of the reference to the worthy woman in Proverbs 31.

Her husband is known in the gates when he sits among the elders of the land. (Proverba 31:23 ESV)

Ferrell Jenkins in the Gate at Elah Fortress at Khirbet Qeiyafa

Ferrell Jenkins in the Gate at Elah Fortress at Khirbet Qeiyafa.

Next we went to the Midras Ruins to see the Roman period tomb with a rolling stone. This is the tomb that was vandalized more than 15 years ago. (At the moment the photo below is not showing when I preview it, but it is visible when I click on the link.)

Roman Period Tomb at Midras Ruins in the Shephelah. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

Roman Period Tomb at Midras Ruins in the Shephelah. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

The Midras Ruins (Horvat Midras) in Israel are part of the Adulam Grove Nature Reserve east of Hwy 38 between the Elah Valley and Beit Guvrin. According to the Parks department sign at the site, the ruins are part of an ancient settlement including caves, pits, and other installations. The Carta touring atlas says the area was continuously inhabited from the time of the Kings of Judah to the Roman period.

For a more complete discussion of the Midras Ruins tomb, along with links to photos before the tomb was vandalized, read here.

We made a few photos of Tel Burna. This tel is often identified with Moresheth Gath, the home of the prophet Micah. The current excavators think it may prove to be biblical Libnah. One of the significant events that took place at Libnah is recorded here:

The Rabshakeh returned, and found the king of Assyria fighting against Libnah, for he heard that the king had left Lachish. (2 Kings 19:8 ESV)

The Tel Burna Archaeological Excavation is under the direction of Itzhaq Shai and Joe Uziel. Check their web site here.

Our last stop was for a photo of nearby Tel Zayit. The archaeologists who have worked there suggest that it may be Libnah or Ziklag. Hopefully we will learn something more definitive in the years to come. Ron E. Tappy is director of the Zeitah Excavations. Check their web site here.

We visited Lachish and Gath last Friday with our group. All in all, it was a wonderful day.

Visiting Nebi Samwil (Prophet Samuel)

There was some rain in Jerusalem sometime between the time we returned from the airport and the time we got up. When we went out we noticed that a cold front had come in and the entire day was much cooler than it had been earlier in the week. This made the sky more clear with beautiful clouds.

We could see Nebi Samwil (Prophet Samuel) from our hotel window. This is a site suggested as the location of Mizpah by some scholars. Others suggest Tell en-Nasbeh, a mound located at Al Bira in the West Bank.

Samuel, the last judge of Israel, called all of the people of Israel to Mizpah and judged them (1 Samuel 7:5-6). Samuel also anointed Saul to be the first king of Israel at Mizpah (1 Samuel 10:1). Mizpah became the headquarters of Gedaliah as governor of Judah after the Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem  (2 Kings 25:23).

The photo shows how clear the view was on the southern side of the ridge where Nebi Samwil sits. The view on the north side of the territory of Benjamin was also clear. Specifically we enjoyed seeing the site of Gibeon.

View of Nebi Samwil from the south. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

View of Nebi Samwil from the south. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

We also did some photography in the Wilderness of Judea and in the Jordan Valley. I made a picture of a baby camel for my grandson. Perhaps other kids might enjoy seeing it.

Baby camel and mother near Jericho. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

Baby camel and mother near Jericho. Photo by Ferrell Jenkins.

We have learned this afternoon that our group arrived safely back in Atlanta where the tour started. Hopefully everyone will be at their own home by the evening. We had a great tour. Thanks for taking time to follow along.